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вЂњ13thвЂќ covers so much territory that many of the events it incorporates, like the suicide of former Rykers Island inmate Khalief Browder and the police shooting of Black Panther Fred Hampton, can only be mentioned briefly.

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The war on drugs promulgated by Republicans and Democrats alike extended this dynamic, with Gingrich commenting on the unfairness of criminalizing crack cocaine, prevalent in black neighborhoods, over the powder variety and President Clinton shown apologizing for his role in the 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill that led to massive prison expansion.

While the 1965 Civil Rights Act was passed to remedy that situation, вЂњ13thвЂќ underscores that an increase in crime and the Republican Southern Strategy, formulated under President Nixon, of having crime stand in for race in order to help turn the South from Democratic to Republican, pushed the other way.

Jim Crow segregation, with African Americans relegated to second-class citizenship, came next, leading eventually to Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement that, Gates notes, sought to turn the prison system on its head by portraying going to jail for a cause as a noble action.

GriffithвЂ™s 1915 вЂњThe Birth of a Nation,вЂќ with its racist images of rapacious, animalistic behavior, being a key element, leading to a major revival of the Ku Klux Klan and an increase in lynchings. The answer turned out to be mass arrests for minor crimes such as loitering and vagrancy and the creation of a system of convict leasing that allowed prisoners to work for private parties.ДЄt the same time, what one academic calls вЂњthe mythology of black criminalityвЂќ was created, with D.W.

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The filmвЂ™s premise is that while the 13th Amendment to the Constitution eliminated slavery and involuntary servitude, it in effect had an unintentional loophole that asserted вЂњexcept as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.вЂќДЇor the South after the end of the Civil War, says University of Connecticut professor Jelani Cobb, the question became how to replace the 4 million slaves who were the critical component of the regionвЂ™s economic system. Alex Wilson, later the editor of the Chicago Defender, is especially chilling).ДЄnd music plays a key role as well, not only with songs like Nina SimoneвЂ™s version of вЂњWork SongвЂќ heard on the sound track, but with key words from rap lyrics like Public EnemyвЂ™s вЂњDonвЂ™t Believe the HypeвЂќ appearing as arresting large type on the screen.ДЄs put together by DuVernayвЂ™s longtime editor, Spencer Averick (who also shares co-writing credit with the director), everything in вЂњ13thвЂќ illuminates what is convincingly presented as a sad and tragic story that we are still living today. In addition to these incisive talking heads, вЂњ13thвЂќ provides a great deal of newsreel and documentary material (footage of a white Little Rock mob beating up black journalist L. Cory Booker, Newt Gingrich and Grover Norquist - it is because there is so much to deal with. If it is packed with facts, statistics and on-camera thoughts - from top-drawer academics like Henry Louis Gates, Michelle Alexander (author of the groundbreaking вЂњThe New Jim CrowвЂќ) and Angela Davis as well as assorted notables including Sen.

Offering a brisk, cogently argued alternative to the conventionally taught American story, allied in that sense to Howard ZinnвЂ™s вЂњA PeopleвЂ™s History of the United States,вЂќ DuVernay gives us a documentary that systematically covers a lot of territory, a century and a half of race relations in this country in fact. Named after the constitutional amendment that ended slavery, DuVernayвЂ™s follow up to best picture Oscar nominee вЂњSelmaвЂќ reminds us that this state of affairs did not take place overnight.

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